Lymphomatous Polyposis: Case Report and Literature Review / Poliposis linfomatosa: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

Abstract Lymphomatous polyposis (LP) is the endoscopic feature of primary gastrointestinal mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a rare type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and a typical but rare endoscopic pattern of gastrointestinal tract involvement (GIT) by nodal MCL. We present the case of a 62-year-old man with nodal MCL, with LP as a manifestation of GIT, and review the literature.

Resumen La poliposis linfomatosa (PL) es la característica endoscópica del linfoma de células del manto (LCM) gastrointestinal primario, un tipo infrecuente de linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH) de células B, así como un patrón endoscópico típico, pero infrecuente, del compromiso del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) por LCM nodal. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 62 años con LCM nodal, con PL como manifestación del compromiso gastrointestinal, y realizamos una revisión de la literatura.

[Jejunal varices secondary to superior mesenteric vein thrombosis: an unusual cause of bleeding from the small intestine]. / Várices yeyunales secundarias a trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior: una causa inusual de sangrado del intestino delgado.

Small bowel varices are usually associated with portal hypertension. Ectopic varices caused by isolated chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis are exceedingly rare. Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to these represents a diagnostic challenge, given the low prevalence and clinical suspicion, and therapeutic dilemma due to the limited scientific evidence available regarding treatment options. We present the case of a 56-year-old man with gastrointestinal bleeding from jejunal varices due to chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis, associated with thrombophilia; diagnosed by video capsule endoscopic (VCE) and computed tomography enterography (CTE), with no possibility of endoscopic or radiological management given the extensive involvement, who underwent successful surgery.

Proctitis infecciosa transmitida sexualmente: reto diagnóstico y recomendaciones de tratamiento / Sexually transmitted infectious proctitis: diagnostic challenge and treatment recommendations

RESUMEN La proctitis infecciosa (PI) transmitida sexualmente es un proceso inflamatorio del recto secundario a la infección por gérmenes de transmisión sexual. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum y el virus herpes simple (VHS) son las causas más comunes. Es más prevalente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), sin embargo, también se diagnostica en heterosexuales por cambios en el comportamiento sexual. La urgencia fecal, el exudado purulento o sanguinolento, la proctalgia y el tenesmo son las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes. La historia clínica detallada y un alto índice de sospecha son importantes para establecer el diagnóstico de esta patología; apoyados en los estudios endoscópicos, histológicos, serológicos y microbiológicos. Se recomienda el tratamiento empírico, con antibióticos o antivirales, según la sospecha clínica y siempre deben descartarse otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITSs).

ABSTRACT Sexually transmitted infectious proctitis is an inflammatory process of the rectum secondary to infection by sexually transmitted germs. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the most frequently pathogens. Infectious proctitis is more prevalent in men who have sex with men (MSM) and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, however, it is also diagnosed in heterosexuals by changes in sexual behavior. Fecal urgency, purulent or bloody exudate, proctalgia, and tenesmus are the most common clinical manifestations. Detailed clinical history and a high index of suspicion are important to establish the diagnosis of this pathology; supported by endoscopic, histological, serological, and microbiological studies. Empirical treatment with antibiotics or antivirals is recommended, depending on clinical suspicion, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should always be ruled out.

Pneumatosis intestinalis as a presentation of Crohn’s disease: a case report.

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is defined as presence of gas within the intestinal wall. It is a rare condition, usually associated with a wide variety of pathologies. It requires a special diagnostic approach to determine underlying etiology. We present the case of a 18 year old woman with chronic abdominal pain, who presents with peritoneal signs and pneumoperitoneum. Laparoscopy showed NI. Thereafter, Crohn´s disease was diagnosed by balloon enteroscopy.

Várices yeyunales secundarias a trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior: una causa inusual de sangrado del intestino delgado / Jejunal varices secondary to superior mesenteric vein thrombosis: an unusual cause of bleeding from the small intestine

RESUMEN Las várices del intestino delgado, usualmente, están relacionadas con hipertensión portal. Las várices ectópicas secundarias a trombosis crónica aislada de la vena mesentérica superior son muy infrecuentes. El sangrado digestivo secundario a éstas representa un reto diagnóstico, dada la baja prevalencia y sospecha clínica, y terapéutico por la escasa evidencia científica existente con respecto a las opciones de tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 56 años, con sangrado digestivo secundario a várices yeyunales por trombosis crónica de la vena mesentérica superior, asociada a trombofilia; diagnosticadas mediante video cápsula endoscópica (VCE) y enterografía por tomografía (entero TC), sin posibilidades de manejo endoscópico ni radiológico dado el compromiso extenso, intervenido quirúrgicamente con éxito.

ABSTRACT Small bowel varices are usually associated with portal hypertension. Ectopic varices caused by isolated chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis are exceedingly rare. Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to these represents a diagnostic challenge, given the low prevalence and clinical suspicion, and therapeutic dilemma due to the limited scientific evidence available regarding treatment options. We present the case of a 56-year-old man with gastrointestinal bleeding from jejunal varices due to chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis, associated with thrombophilia; diagnosed by video capsule endoscopic (VCE) and computed tomography enterography (CTE), with no possibility of endoscopic or radiological management given the extensive involvement, who underwent successful surgery.

Pneumatosis intestinalis as a presentation of Crohn's disease: a case report / Neumatosis intestinal como presentación de la enfermedad de Crohn: reporte de un caso

ABSTRACT Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is defined as presence of gas within the intestinal wall. It is a rare condition, usually associated with a wide variety of pathologies. It requires a special diagnostic approach to determine underlying etiology. We present the case of a 18 year old woman with chronic abdominal pain, who presents with peritoneal signs and pneumoperitoneum. Laparoscopy showed NI. Thereafter, Crohn´s disease was diagnosed by balloon enteroscopy.

RESUMEN La neumatosis intestinal (NI) es la presencia de gas en la pared intestinal. Es un hallazgo infrecuente, generalmente presente en una gran variedad de patologías. Requiere de un abordaje diagnóstico detallado para determinar su etiología. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 17 años con dolor abdominal crónico, quien se presenta con signos de irritación peritoneal y neumoperitoneo. Con hallazgo quirúrgico de NI en el intestino delgado, a quién mediante enteroscopia se le diagnóstica enfermedad de Crohn.

[Sexually transmitted infectious proctitis: diagnostic challenge and treatment recommendations]. / Proctitis infecciosa transmitida sexualmente: reto diagnóstico y recomendaciones de tratamiento.

Sexually transmitted infectious proctitis is an inflammatory process of the rectum secondary to infection by sexually transmitted germs. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are the most frequently pathogens. Infectious proctitis is more prevalent in men who have sex with men (MSM) and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, however, it is also diagnosed in heterosexuals by changes in sexual behavior. Fecal urgency, purulent or bloody exudate, proctalgia, and tenesmus are the most common clinical manifestations. Detailed clinical history and a high index of suspicion are important to establish the diagnosis of this pathology; supported by endoscopic, histological, serological, and microbiological studies. Empirical treatment with antibiotics or antivirals is recommended, depending on clinical suspicion, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should always be ruled out.

Utilidad de las tiras reactivas para el diagnóstico temprano de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis / Usefulness of test strips for early diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites

Introducción: La peritonitis bacteriana espontánea requiere un diagnóstico temprano para el inicio de antibioticoterapia. El estudio diagnóstico ideal es el citoquímico del líquido ascítico, el cual puede ser costoso, demorado y de disponibilidad limitada en centros primarios de atención en salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad y precisión diagnóstica de las tiras reactivas Multistix 10SG para el diagnóstico de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de prueba diagnóstica en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis. Se determinó el conteo de leucocitos del líquido ascítico por la escala colorimétrica de la tira reactiva Multistix 10SG y se comparó con el gold standard para el diagnóstico (polimorfonucleares ≥ 250 células/mm³). Resultados: De 174 pacientes con ascitis (51,7% mujeres, promedio de edad 59 años) 30 fueron diagnosticados con peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. Con un punto de corte grado ++, la tira reactiva tuvo sensibilidad 73,3%, especificidad 96,5%, valor predictivo positivo 81,4%, valor predictivo negativo 94,5%, razón de probabilidad positiva 21,2 y razón de probabilidad negativa 0,27. Conclusiones: Las tiras reactivas tienen adecuada especificidad y valor predictivo negativo, siendo una herramienta de bajo costo, uso sencillo, rápida interpretación y fácil acceso, para apoyar la decisión de no iniciar antibiótico en pacientes con ascitis y sospecha de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea. Por su baja sensibilidad no reemplazan al estudio citoquímico como prueba de elección para el diagnóstico definitivo, pero si es útil para optimizar el abordaje inicial de estos pacientes.

Introduction: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis requires an early diagnosis to start antibiotic therapy. The ideal diagnostic study is the cytochemical of ascites fluid, which can be expensive, delayed and of limited availability in primary health care centers. Objective: Evaluate the usefulness and diagnostic accuracy of Multistix 10SG test strips for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Materials and methods: Observational descriptive study of diagnostic test in cirrhotic patients with ascites. The leukocyte count of ascites fluid was determined by the colorimetric scale of the Multistix 10SG test strip and compared with the gold standard for diagnosis (polymorphonuclear ≥ 250 cells / mm³). Results: Of 174 patients with ascites (51.7% women, average age 59 years) 30 were diagnosed with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. With a grade ++ cut-off point, the test strip had sensitivity 73.3%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 81.4%, negative predictive value 94.5%, positive likelihood ratio 21.2 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.27. Conclusions: The test strips have adequate specificity and negative predictive value, being a low cost tool, simple use, quick interpretation and easy access, to support the decision not to start an antibiotic in patients with ascites and suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Due to their low sensitivity they do not replace the cytochemical study as the test of choice for the definitive diagnosis, but it is useful for optimizing the initial approach of these patients.

[Usefulness of test strips for early diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites]. / Utilidad de las tiras reactivas para el diagnóstico temprano de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en pacientes cirróticos con ascitis.

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis requires an early diagnosis to start antibiotic therapy. The ideal diagnostic study is the cytochemical of ascites fluid, which can be expensive, delayed and of limited availability in primary health care centers. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the usefulness and diagnostic accuracy of Multistix 10SG test strips for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational descriptive study of diagnostic test in cirrhotic patients with ascites. The leukocyte count of ascites fluid was determined by the colorimetric scale of the Multistix 10SG test strip and compared with the gold standard for diagnosis (polymorphonuclear ≥ 250 cells / mm³). RESULTS: Of 174 patients with ascites (51.7% women, average age 59 years) 30 were diagnosed with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. With a grade ++ cut-off point, the test strip had sensitivity 73.3%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 81.4%, negative predictive value 94.5%, positive likelihood ratio 21.2 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.27. CONCLUSIONS: The test strips have adequate specificity and negative predictive value, being a low cost tool, simple use, quick interpretation and easy access, to support the decision not to start an antibiotic in patients with ascites and suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Due to their low sensitivity they do not replace the cytochemical study as the test of choice for the definitive diagnosis, but it is useful for optimizing the initial approach of these patients.

Fístula biliopleurobronquial: reporte de un caso / Bronchobiliary fistula: Report of a case

La fístula biliopleurobronquial (FBB) es una comunicación anormal entre la vía biliar y el árbol bronquial. Es una condición infrecuente, generalmente secundaria a un proceso infeccioso local o a un evento traumático. La bilioptisis es patognomónica. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 37 años con historia de cirrosis biliar secundaria, en lista para trasplante hepático, con múltiples episodios de colangitis previos y usuaria de derivación biliar externa, quien curso con bilioptisis y mediante gammagrafía HIDA con SPECT se confirmó fistula biliopleurobronquial. Éste caso se resolvió con derivación percutánea de la vía biliar

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is an abnormal communication between the biliary tract and the bronchial tree. Is an infrequent condition, usually secondary to a local infectious process or a traumatic event. Bilioptisis is pathognomonic. We present the case of a 37 year old woman with secondary biliary cirrhosis, in list for liver transplantation, with several episodes of cholangitis and carrier of external biliary diverivation, who presented bilioptisis and HIDA scintigraphy with SPECT confirmed BBF. This case was resolved with percutaneous derivation of the biliary tract

[Bronchobiliary fistula. Report of a case]. / Fístula biliopleurobronquial: reporte de un caso.

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is an abnormal communication between the biliary tract and the bronchial tree. Is an infrequent condition, usually secondary to a local infectious process or a traumatic event. Bilioptisis is pathognomonic. We present the case of a 37 year old woman with secondary biliary cirrhosis, in list for liver transplantation, with several episodes of cholangitis and carrier of external biliary diverivation, who presented bilioptisis and HIDA scintigraphy with SPECT confirmed BBF. This case was resolved with percutaneous derivation of the biliary tract.